diff --git a/tools/perf/ui/browsers/annotate.c b/tools/perf/ui/browsers/annotate.c
index 91ded9c271ee..ea17e6d29a7e 100644
--- a/tools/perf/ui/browsers/annotate.c
+++ b/tools/perf/ui/browsers/annotate.c
@@ -1198,7 +1198,7 @@ int __hist_entry__tui_annotate(struct hist_entry *he, struct map_symbol *ms,
 				ui__warning("Annotation has no source code.");
 		}
 	} else {
-		err = evsel__get_arch(evsel, &browser.arch);
+		err = thread__get_arch(ms->thread, &browser.arch);
 		if (err) {
 			annotate_browser__symbol_annotate_error(&browser, err);
 			return -1;
diff --git a/tools/perf/util/annotate-arch/annotate-arc.c b/tools/perf/util/annotate-arch/annotate-arc.c
index d7ca08ca5600..170103e383a4 100644
--- a/tools/perf/util/annotate-arch/annotate-arc.c
+++ b/tools/perf/util/annotate-arch/annotate-arc.c
@@ -1,10 +1,18 @@
 // SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
 #include <linux/compiler.h>
+#include <linux/zalloc.h>
 #include "../disasm.h"
 
-int arc__annotate_init(struct arch *arch, char *cpuid __maybe_unused)
+const struct arch *arch__new_arc(const struct e_machine_and_e_flags *id,
+				 const char *cpuid __maybe_unused)
 {
-	arch->initialized = true;
+	struct arch *arch = zalloc(sizeof(*arch));
+
+	if (!arch)
+		return NULL;
+
+	arch->name = "arc";
+	arch->id = *id;
 	arch->objdump.comment_char = ';';
-	return 0;
+	return arch;
 }
diff --git a/tools/perf/util/annotate-arch/annotate-arm.c b/tools/perf/util/annotate-arch/annotate-arm.c
index 08c49067c3c9..afb413c80156 100644
--- a/tools/perf/util/annotate-arch/annotate-arm.c
+++ b/tools/perf/util/annotate-arch/annotate-arm.c
@@ -7,14 +7,15 @@
 #include "../annotate.h"
 #include "../disasm.h"
 
-struct arm_annotate {
-	regex_t call_insn,
-		jump_insn;
+struct arch_arm {
+	struct arch arch;
+	regex_t call_insn;
+	regex_t jump_insn;
 };
 
 static const struct ins_ops *arm__associate_instruction_ops(struct arch *arch, const char *name)
 {
-	struct arm_annotate *arm = arch->priv;
+	struct arch_arm *arm = container_of(arch, struct arch_arm, arch);
 	const struct ins_ops *ops;
 	regmatch_t match[2];
 
@@ -29,37 +30,39 @@ static const struct ins_ops *arm__associate_instruction_ops(struct arch *arch, c
 	return ops;
 }
 
-int arm__annotate_init(struct arch *arch, char *cpuid __maybe_unused)
+const struct arch *arch__new_arm(const struct e_machine_and_e_flags *id,
+				 const char *cpuid __maybe_unused)
 {
-	struct arm_annotate *arm;
 	int err;
+	struct arch_arm *arm = zalloc(sizeof(*arm));
+	struct arch *arch;
 
-	if (arch->initialized)
-		return 0;
-
-	arm = zalloc(sizeof(*arm));
 	if (!arm)
-		return ENOMEM;
+		return NULL;
+
+	arch = &arm->arch;
+	arch->name = "arm";
+	arch->id = *id;
+	arch->objdump.comment_char	  = ';';
+	arch->objdump.skip_functions_char = '+';
+	arch->associate_instruction_ops   = arm__associate_instruction_ops;
 
 #define ARM_CONDS "(cc|cs|eq|ge|gt|hi|le|ls|lt|mi|ne|pl|vc|vs)"
 	err = regcomp(&arm->call_insn, "^blx?" ARM_CONDS "?$", REG_EXTENDED);
 	if (err)
 		goto out_free_arm;
+
 	err = regcomp(&arm->jump_insn, "^bx?" ARM_CONDS "?$", REG_EXTENDED);
 	if (err)
 		goto out_free_call;
 #undef ARM_CONDS
 
-	arch->initialized = true;
-	arch->priv	  = arm;
-	arch->associate_instruction_ops   = arm__associate_instruction_ops;
-	arch->objdump.comment_char	  = ';';
-	arch->objdump.skip_functions_char = '+';
-	return 0;
+	return arch;
 
 out_free_call:
 	regfree(&arm->call_insn);
 out_free_arm:
 	free(arm);
-	return SYMBOL_ANNOTATE_ERRNO__ARCH_INIT_REGEXP;
+	errno = SYMBOL_ANNOTATE_ERRNO__ARCH_INIT_REGEXP;
+	return NULL;
 }
diff --git a/tools/perf/util/annotate-arch/annotate-arm64.c b/tools/perf/util/annotate-arch/annotate-arm64.c
index d2ea32984b0d..33080fdca125 100644
--- a/tools/perf/util/annotate-arch/annotate-arm64.c
+++ b/tools/perf/util/annotate-arch/annotate-arm64.c
@@ -8,9 +8,10 @@
 #include "../annotate.h"
 #include "../disasm.h"
 
-struct arm64_annotate {
-	regex_t call_insn,
-		jump_insn;
+struct arch_arm64 {
+	struct arch arch;
+	regex_t call_insn;
+	regex_t jump_insn;
 };
 
 static int arm64_mov__parse(const struct arch *arch __maybe_unused,
@@ -70,7 +71,7 @@ static const struct ins_ops arm64_mov_ops = {
 
 static const struct ins_ops *arm64__associate_instruction_ops(struct arch *arch, const char *name)
 {
-	struct arm64_annotate *arm = arch->priv;
+	struct arch_arm64 *arm = container_of(arch, struct arch_arm64, arch);
 	const struct ins_ops *ops;
 	regmatch_t match[2];
 
@@ -87,38 +88,40 @@ static const struct ins_ops *arm64__associate_instruction_ops(struct arch *arch,
 	return ops;
 }
 
-int arm64__annotate_init(struct arch *arch, char *cpuid __maybe_unused)
+const struct arch *arch__new_arm64(const struct e_machine_and_e_flags *id,
+				   const char *cpuid __maybe_unused)
 {
-	struct arm64_annotate *arm;
 	int err;
+	struct arch_arm64 *arm = zalloc(sizeof(*arm));
+	struct arch *arch;
 
-	if (arch->initialized)
-		return 0;
-
-	arm = zalloc(sizeof(*arm));
 	if (!arm)
-		return ENOMEM;
+		return NULL;
+
+	arch = &arm->arch;
+	arch->name = "arm64";
+	arch->id = *id;
+	arch->objdump.comment_char	  = '/';
+	arch->objdump.skip_functions_char = '+';
+	arch->associate_instruction_ops   = arm64__associate_instruction_ops;
 
 	/* bl, blr */
 	err = regcomp(&arm->call_insn, "^blr?$", REG_EXTENDED);
 	if (err)
 		goto out_free_arm;
+
 	/* b, b.cond, br, cbz/cbnz, tbz/tbnz */
 	err = regcomp(&arm->jump_insn, "^[ct]?br?\\.?(cc|cs|eq|ge|gt|hi|hs|le|lo|ls|lt|mi|ne|pl|vc|vs)?n?z?$",
 		      REG_EXTENDED);
 	if (err)
 		goto out_free_call;
 
-	arch->initialized = true;
-	arch->priv	  = arm;
-	arch->associate_instruction_ops   = arm64__associate_instruction_ops;
-	arch->objdump.comment_char	  = '/';
-	arch->objdump.skip_functions_char = '+';
-	return 0;
+	return arch;
 
 out_free_call:
 	regfree(&arm->call_insn);
 out_free_arm:
 	free(arm);
-	return SYMBOL_ANNOTATE_ERRNO__ARCH_INIT_REGEXP;
+	errno = SYMBOL_ANNOTATE_ERRNO__ARCH_INIT_REGEXP;
+	return NULL;
 }
diff --git a/tools/perf/util/annotate-arch/annotate-csky.c b/tools/perf/util/annotate-arch/annotate-csky.c
index 0b0b09b068ec..d2b18e4ea2c9 100644
--- a/tools/perf/util/annotate-arch/annotate-csky.c
+++ b/tools/perf/util/annotate-arch/annotate-csky.c
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@
 // Copyright (C) 2019 Hangzhou C-SKY Microsystems co.,ltd.
 #include <string.h>
 #include <linux/compiler.h>
+#include <linux/zalloc.h>
 #include "../disasm.h"
 
 static const struct ins_ops *csky__associate_ins_ops(struct arch *arch,
@@ -39,10 +40,17 @@ static const struct ins_ops *csky__associate_ins_ops(struct arch *arch,
 	return ops;
 }
 
-int csky__annotate_init(struct arch *arch, char *cpuid __maybe_unused)
+const struct arch *arch__new_csky(const struct e_machine_and_e_flags *id,
+				  const char *cpuid __maybe_unused)
 {
-	arch->initialized = true;
+	struct arch *arch = zalloc(sizeof(*arch));
+
+	if (!arch)
+		return NULL;
+
+	arch->name = "csky";
+	arch->id = *id;
 	arch->objdump.comment_char = '/';
 	arch->associate_instruction_ops = csky__associate_ins_ops;
-	return 0;
+	return arch;
 }
diff --git a/tools/perf/util/annotate-arch/annotate-loongarch.c b/tools/perf/util/annotate-arch/annotate-loongarch.c
index 6c94cb98a104..3aeab453a059 100644
--- a/tools/perf/util/annotate-arch/annotate-loongarch.c
+++ b/tools/perf/util/annotate-arch/annotate-loongarch.c
@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@
 #include <stdlib.h>
 #include <string.h>
 #include <linux/compiler.h>
+#include <linux/zalloc.h>
 #include "../disasm.h"
 #include "../map.h"
 #include "../maps.h"
@@ -139,13 +140,17 @@ const struct ins_ops *loongarch__associate_ins_ops(struct arch *arch, const char
 	return ops;
 }
 
-int loongarch__annotate_init(struct arch *arch, char *cpuid __maybe_unused)
+const struct arch *arch__new_loongarch(const struct e_machine_and_e_flags *id,
+				       const char *cpuid __maybe_unused)
 {
-	if (!arch->initialized) {
-		arch->associate_instruction_ops = loongarch__associate_ins_ops;
-		arch->initialized = true;
-		arch->objdump.comment_char = '#';
-	}
+	struct arch *arch = zalloc(sizeof(*arch));
 
-	return 0;
+	if (!arch)
+		return NULL;
+
+	arch->name = "loongarch";
+	arch->id = *id;
+	arch->associate_instruction_ops = loongarch__associate_ins_ops;
+	arch->objdump.comment_char = '#';
+	return arch;
 }
diff --git a/tools/perf/util/annotate-arch/annotate-mips.c b/tools/perf/util/annotate-arch/annotate-mips.c
index f14b34ed77d3..e8d1c6c7e9f3 100644
--- a/tools/perf/util/annotate-arch/annotate-mips.c
+++ b/tools/perf/util/annotate-arch/annotate-mips.c
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 // SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
 #include <string.h>
 #include <linux/compiler.h>
+#include <linux/zalloc.h>
 #include "../disasm.h"
 
 static
@@ -36,13 +37,17 @@ const struct ins_ops *mips__associate_ins_ops(struct arch *arch, const char *nam
 	return ops;
 }
 
-int mips__annotate_init(struct arch *arch, char *cpuid __maybe_unused)
+const struct arch *arch__new_mips(const struct e_machine_and_e_flags *id,
+				  const char *cpuid __maybe_unused)
 {
-	if (!arch->initialized) {
-		arch->associate_instruction_ops = mips__associate_ins_ops;
-		arch->initialized = true;
-		arch->objdump.comment_char = '#';
-	}
+	struct arch *arch = zalloc(sizeof(*arch));
 
-	return 0;
+	if (!arch)
+		return NULL;
+
+	arch->name = "mips";
+	arch->id = *id;
+	arch->objdump.comment_char = '#';
+	arch->associate_instruction_ops = mips__associate_ins_ops;
+	return arch;
 }
diff --git a/tools/perf/util/annotate-arch/annotate-powerpc.c b/tools/perf/util/annotate-arch/annotate-powerpc.c
index 593c138c8104..218207b52581 100644
--- a/tools/perf/util/annotate-arch/annotate-powerpc.c
+++ b/tools/perf/util/annotate-arch/annotate-powerpc.c
@@ -390,17 +390,21 @@ static void update_insn_state_powerpc(struct type_state *state,
 }
 #endif /* HAVE_LIBDW_SUPPORT */
 
-int powerpc__annotate_init(struct arch *arch, char *cpuid __maybe_unused)
+const struct arch *arch__new_powerpc(const struct e_machine_and_e_flags *id,
+				     const char *cpuid __maybe_unused)
 {
-	if (!arch->initialized) {
-		arch->initialized = true;
-		arch->associate_instruction_ops = powerpc__associate_instruction_ops;
-		arch->objdump.comment_char      = '#';
-		annotate_opts.show_asm_raw = true;
-#ifdef HAVE_LIBDW_SUPPORT
-		arch->update_insn_state = update_insn_state_powerpc;
-#endif
-	}
+	struct arch *arch = zalloc(sizeof(*arch));
 
-	return 0;
+	if (!arch)
+		return NULL;
+
+	arch->name = "powerpc";
+	arch->id = *id;
+	arch->objdump.comment_char = '#';
+	annotate_opts.show_asm_raw = true;
+	arch->associate_instruction_ops = powerpc__associate_instruction_ops;
+#ifdef HAVE_LIBDW_SUPPORT
+	arch->update_insn_state = update_insn_state_powerpc;
+#endif
+	return arch;
 }
diff --git a/tools/perf/util/annotate-arch/annotate-riscv64.c b/tools/perf/util/annotate-arch/annotate-riscv64.c
index 15526824037a..29a988fca8c9 100644
--- a/tools/perf/util/annotate-arch/annotate-riscv64.c
+++ b/tools/perf/util/annotate-arch/annotate-riscv64.c
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 // SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
 #include <string.h>
 #include <linux/compiler.h>
+#include <linux/zalloc.h>
 #include "../disasm.h"
 
 static
@@ -24,13 +25,17 @@ const struct ins_ops *riscv64__associate_ins_ops(struct arch *arch, const char *
 	return ops;
 }
 
-int riscv64__annotate_init(struct arch *arch, char *cpuid __maybe_unused)
+const struct arch *arch__new_riscv64(const struct e_machine_and_e_flags *id,
+				     const char *cpuid __maybe_unused)
 {
-	if (!arch->initialized) {
-		arch->associate_instruction_ops = riscv64__associate_ins_ops;
-		arch->initialized = true;
-		arch->objdump.comment_char = '#';
-	}
+	struct arch *arch = zalloc(sizeof(*arch));
 
-	return 0;
+	if (!arch)
+		return NULL;
+
+	arch->name = "riscv";
+	arch->id = *id;
+	arch->objdump.comment_char = '#';
+	arch->associate_instruction_ops = riscv64__associate_ins_ops;
+	return arch;
 }
diff --git a/tools/perf/util/annotate-arch/annotate-s390.c b/tools/perf/util/annotate-arch/annotate-s390.c
index 47573f0310c1..af9cabd0a586 100644
--- a/tools/perf/util/annotate-arch/annotate-s390.c
+++ b/tools/perf/util/annotate-arch/annotate-s390.c
@@ -148,7 +148,7 @@ static const struct ins_ops *s390__associate_ins_ops(struct arch *arch, const ch
 	return ops;
 }
 
-static int s390__cpuid_parse(struct arch *arch, char *cpuid)
+static int s390__cpuid_parse(struct arch *arch, const char *cpuid)
 {
 	unsigned int family;
 	char model[16], model_c[16], cpumf_v[16], cpumf_a[16];
@@ -169,19 +169,22 @@ static int s390__cpuid_parse(struct arch *arch, char *cpuid)
 	return -1;
 }
 
-int s390__annotate_init(struct arch *arch, char *cpuid __maybe_unused)
+const struct arch *arch__new_s390(const struct e_machine_and_e_flags *id, const char *cpuid)
 {
-	int err = 0;
+	struct arch *arch = zalloc(sizeof(*arch));
 
-	if (!arch->initialized) {
-		arch->initialized = true;
-		arch->associate_instruction_ops = s390__associate_ins_ops;
-		if (cpuid) {
-			if (s390__cpuid_parse(arch, cpuid))
-				err = SYMBOL_ANNOTATE_ERRNO__ARCH_INIT_CPUID_PARSING;
+	if (!arch)
+		return NULL;
+
+	arch->name = "s390";
+	arch->id = *id;
+	arch->associate_instruction_ops = s390__associate_ins_ops;
+	if (cpuid) {
+		if (s390__cpuid_parse(arch, cpuid)) {
+			errno = SYMBOL_ANNOTATE_ERRNO__ARCH_INIT_CPUID_PARSING;
+			return NULL;
 		}
-		arch->objdump.comment_char = '#';
 	}
-
-	return err;
+	arch->objdump.comment_char = '#';
+	return arch;
 }
diff --git a/tools/perf/util/annotate-arch/annotate-sparc.c b/tools/perf/util/annotate-arch/annotate-sparc.c
index 66a0174376dd..2f07bc7a56dd 100644
--- a/tools/perf/util/annotate-arch/annotate-sparc.c
+++ b/tools/perf/util/annotate-arch/annotate-sparc.c
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 // SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
 #include <string.h>
 #include <linux/compiler.h>
+#include <linux/zalloc.h>
 #include "../../util/disasm.h"
 
 static int is_branch_cond(const char *cond)
@@ -160,13 +161,17 @@ static const struct ins_ops *sparc__associate_instruction_ops(struct arch *arch,
 	return ops;
 }
 
-int sparc__annotate_init(struct arch *arch, char *cpuid __maybe_unused)
+const struct arch *arch__new_sparc(const struct e_machine_and_e_flags *id,
+				   const char *cpuid __maybe_unused)
 {
-	if (!arch->initialized) {
-		arch->initialized = true;
-		arch->associate_instruction_ops = sparc__associate_instruction_ops;
-		arch->objdump.comment_char = '#';
-	}
+	struct arch *arch = zalloc(sizeof(*arch));
 
-	return 0;
+	if (!arch)
+		return NULL;
+
+	arch->name = "sparc";
+	arch->id = *id;
+	arch->associate_instruction_ops = sparc__associate_instruction_ops;
+	arch->objdump.comment_char = '#';
+	return arch;
 }
diff --git a/tools/perf/util/annotate-arch/annotate-x86.c b/tools/perf/util/annotate-arch/annotate-x86.c
index 0c7957fe60da..eb9a649ca656 100644
--- a/tools/perf/util/annotate-arch/annotate-x86.c
+++ b/tools/perf/util/annotate-arch/annotate-x86.c
@@ -182,7 +182,7 @@ static bool intel__ins_is_fused(const struct arch *arch, const char *ins1,
 	return false;
 }
 
-static int x86__cpuid_parse(struct arch *arch, char *cpuid)
+static int x86__cpuid_parse(struct arch *arch, const char *cpuid)
 {
 	unsigned int family, model, stepping;
 	int ret;
@@ -777,18 +777,21 @@ retry:
 }
 #endif
 
-int x86__annotate_init(struct arch *arch, char *cpuid)
+const struct arch *arch__new_x86(const struct e_machine_and_e_flags *id, const char *cpuid)
 {
-	int err = 0;
+	struct arch *arch = zalloc(sizeof(*arch));
 
-	if (arch->initialized)
-		return 0;
+	if (!arch)
+		return NULL;
 
+	arch->name = "x86";
+	arch->id = *id;
 	if (cpuid) {
-		if (x86__cpuid_parse(arch, cpuid))
-			err = SYMBOL_ANNOTATE_ERRNO__ARCH_INIT_CPUID_PARSING;
+		if (x86__cpuid_parse(arch, cpuid)) {
+			errno = SYMBOL_ANNOTATE_ERRNO__ARCH_INIT_CPUID_PARSING;
+			return NULL;
+		}
 	}
-
 	arch->instructions = x86__instructions;
 	arch->nr_instructions = ARRAY_SIZE(x86__instructions);
 #ifndef NDEBUG
@@ -810,11 +813,8 @@ int x86__annotate_init(struct arch *arch, char *cpuid)
 	arch->objdump.memory_ref_char = '(';
 	arch->objdump.imm_char = '$';
 	arch->insn_suffix = "bwlq";
-	arch->e_machine = EM_X86_64;
-	arch->e_flags = 0;
-	arch->initialized = true;
 #ifdef HAVE_LIBDW_SUPPORT
 	arch->update_insn_state = update_insn_state_x86;
 #endif
-	return err;
+	return arch;
 }
diff --git a/tools/perf/util/annotate.c b/tools/perf/util/annotate.c
index 79702072568b..c16c6dfaa959 100644
--- a/tools/perf/util/annotate.c
+++ b/tools/perf/util/annotate.c
@@ -980,32 +980,27 @@ void symbol__calc_percent(struct symbol *sym, struct evsel *evsel)
 	annotation__calc_percent(notes, evsel, symbol__size(sym));
 }
 
-int evsel__get_arch(struct evsel *evsel, const struct arch **parch)
+int thread__get_arch(struct thread *thread, const struct arch **parch)
 {
-	struct perf_env *env = evsel__env(evsel);
-	const char *arch_name = perf_env__arch(env);
 	const struct arch *arch;
-	int err;
+	struct machine *machine;
+	uint16_t e_machine;
 
-	if (!arch_name) {
+	if (!thread) {
 		*parch = NULL;
+		return -1;
+	}
+
+	machine = maps__machine(thread__maps(thread));
+	e_machine = thread__e_machine(thread, machine);
+	arch = arch__find(e_machine, machine->env ? machine->env->cpuid : NULL);
+	if (arch == NULL) {
+		pr_err("%s: unsupported arch %d\n", __func__, e_machine);
 		return errno;
 	}
+	if (parch)
+		*parch = arch;
 
-	*parch = arch = arch__find(arch_name);
-	if (arch == NULL) {
-		pr_err("%s: unsupported arch %s\n", __func__, arch_name);
-		return ENOTSUP;
-	}
-
-	if (arch->init) {
-		err = arch->init((struct arch *)arch, env ? env->cpuid : NULL);
-		if (err) {
-			pr_err("%s: failed to initialize %s arch priv area\n",
-			       __func__, arch->name);
-			return err;
-		}
-	}
 	return 0;
 }
 
@@ -1020,7 +1015,7 @@ int symbol__annotate(struct map_symbol *ms, struct evsel *evsel,
 	const struct arch *arch = NULL;
 	int err, nr;
 
-	err = evsel__get_arch(evsel, &arch);
+	err = thread__get_arch(ms->thread, &arch);
 	if (err)
 		return err;
 
@@ -1268,7 +1263,7 @@ int hist_entry__annotate_printf(struct hist_entry *he, struct evsel *evsel)
 
 	apd.addr_fmt_width = annotated_source__addr_fmt_width(&notes->src->source,
 							      notes->src->start);
-	evsel__get_arch(evsel, &apd.arch);
+	thread__get_arch(ms->thread, &apd.arch);
 	apd.dbg = dso__debuginfo(dso);
 
 	list_for_each_entry(pos, &notes->src->source, node) {
@@ -1373,7 +1368,7 @@ static int symbol__annotate_fprintf2(struct symbol *sym, FILE *fp,
 	struct annotation_line *al;
 
 	if (annotate_opts.code_with_type) {
-		evsel__get_arch(apd->evsel, &apd->arch);
+		thread__get_arch(apd->he->ms.thread, &apd->arch);
 		apd->dbg = dso__debuginfo(map__dso(apd->he->ms.map));
 	}
 
@@ -2495,7 +2490,7 @@ static int extract_reg_offset(const struct arch *arch, const char *str,
 	if (regname == NULL)
 		return -1;
 
-	op_loc->reg1 = get_dwarf_regnum(regname, arch->e_machine, arch->e_flags);
+	op_loc->reg1 = get_dwarf_regnum(regname, arch->id.e_machine, arch->id.e_flags);
 	free(regname);
 
 	/* Get the second register */
@@ -2508,7 +2503,7 @@ static int extract_reg_offset(const struct arch *arch, const char *str,
 		if (regname == NULL)
 			return -1;
 
-		op_loc->reg2 = get_dwarf_regnum(regname, arch->e_machine, arch->e_flags);
+		op_loc->reg2 = get_dwarf_regnum(regname, arch->id.e_machine, arch->id.e_flags);
 		free(regname);
 	}
 	return 0;
@@ -2607,8 +2602,11 @@ int annotate_get_insn_location(const struct arch *arch, struct disasm_line *dl,
 			if (s == NULL)
 				return -1;
 
-			if (*s == arch->objdump.register_char)
-				op_loc->reg1 = get_dwarf_regnum(s, arch->e_machine, arch->e_flags);
+			if (*s == arch->objdump.register_char) {
+				op_loc->reg1 = get_dwarf_regnum(s,
+								arch->id.e_machine,
+								arch->id.e_flags);
+			}
 			else if (*s == arch->objdump.imm_char) {
 				op_loc->offset = strtol(s + 1, &p, 0);
 				if (p && p != s + 1)
diff --git a/tools/perf/util/annotate.h b/tools/perf/util/annotate.h
index 58eaf4b2fa65..696e36dbf013 100644
--- a/tools/perf/util/annotate.h
+++ b/tools/perf/util/annotate.h
@@ -586,5 +586,5 @@ int annotation_br_cntr_entry(char **str, int br_cntr_nr, u64 *br_cntr,
 			     int num_aggr, struct evsel *evsel);
 int annotation_br_cntr_abbr_list(char **str, struct evsel *evsel, bool header);
 
-int evsel__get_arch(struct evsel *evsel, const struct arch **parch);
+int thread__get_arch(struct thread *thread, const struct arch **parch);
 #endif	/* __PERF_ANNOTATE_H */
diff --git a/tools/perf/util/disasm.c b/tools/perf/util/disasm.c
index d81469db0aac..4f60726247d6 100644
--- a/tools/perf/util/disasm.c
+++ b/tools/perf/util/disasm.c
@@ -1,5 +1,9 @@
 // SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-only
 #include <ctype.h>
+#include <elf.h>
+#ifndef EF_CSKY_ABIMASK
+#define EF_CSKY_ABIMASK	0XF0000000
+#endif
 #include <errno.h>
 #include <fcntl.h>
 #include <inttypes.h>
@@ -102,112 +106,101 @@ int arch__associate_ins_ops(struct arch *arch, const char *name, const struct in
 	return 0;
 }
 
-static struct arch architectures[] = {
-	{
-		.name = "arc",
-		.init = arc__annotate_init,
-		.e_machine = EM_ARC,
-	},
-	{
-		.name = "arm",
-		.init = arm__annotate_init,
-		.e_machine = EM_ARM,
-	},
-	{
-		.name = "arm64",
-		.init = arm64__annotate_init,
-		.e_machine = EM_AARCH64,
-	},
-	{
-		.name = "csky",
-		.init = csky__annotate_init,
-		.e_machine = EM_CSKY,
-#if defined(__CSKYABIV2__)
-		.e_flags = EF_CSKY_ABIV2,
-#else
-		.e_flags = EF_CSKY_ABIV1,
-#endif
-	},
-	{
-		.name = "mips",
-		.init = mips__annotate_init,
-		.e_machine = EM_MIPS,
-	},
-	{
-		.name = "x86",
-		.init = x86__annotate_init,
-		.e_machine = EM_X86_64, // TODO: EM_386 too.
-	},
-	{
-		.name = "powerpc",
-		.init = powerpc__annotate_init,
-		.e_machine = EM_PPC, // TODO: EM_PPC64 too.
-	},
-	{
-		.name = "riscv64",
-		.init = riscv64__annotate_init,
-		.e_machine = EM_RISCV,
-	},
-	{
-		.name = "s390",
-		.init = s390__annotate_init,
-		.e_machine = EM_S390,
-	},
-	{
-		.name = "sparc",
-		.init = sparc__annotate_init,
-		.e_machine = EM_SPARC,
-	},
-	{
-		.name = "loongarch",
-		.init = loongarch__annotate_init,
-		.e_machine = EM_LOONGARCH,
-	},
-};
-
-static int arch__key_cmp(const void *name, const void *archp)
+static int e_machine_and_eflags__cmp(const struct e_machine_and_e_flags *val1,
+				     const struct e_machine_and_e_flags *val2)
 {
-	const struct arch *arch = archp;
+	if (val1->e_machine == val2->e_machine) {
+		if (val1->e_machine != EM_CSKY)
+			return 0;
+		if ((val1->e_flags & EF_CSKY_ABIMASK) < (val2->e_flags & EF_CSKY_ABIMASK))
+			return -1;
+		return (val1->e_flags & EF_CSKY_ABIMASK) > (val2->e_flags & EF_CSKY_ABIMASK);
+	}
+	return val1->e_machine < val2->e_machine ? -1 : 1;
+}
 
-	return strcmp(name, arch->name);
+static int arch__key_cmp(const void *key, const void *archp)
+{
+	const struct arch *const *arch = archp;
+
+	return e_machine_and_eflags__cmp(key, &(*arch)->id);
 }
 
 static int arch__cmp(const void *a, const void *b)
 {
-	const struct arch *aa = a;
-	const struct arch *ab = b;
+	const struct arch *const *aa = a;
+	const struct arch *const *ab = b;
 
-	return strcmp(aa->name, ab->name);
+	return e_machine_and_eflags__cmp(&(*aa)->id, &(*ab)->id);
 }
 
-static void arch__sort(void)
+const struct arch *arch__find(uint16_t e_machine, const char *cpuid)
 {
-	const int nmemb = ARRAY_SIZE(architectures);
+	static const struct arch *(*const arch_new_fn[])(const struct e_machine_and_e_flags *id,
+							 const char *cpuid) = {
+		[EM_386]	= arch__new_x86,
+		[EM_ARC]	= arch__new_arc,
+		[EM_ARM]	= arch__new_arm,
+		[EM_AARCH64]	= arch__new_arm64,
+		[EM_CSKY]	= arch__new_csky,
+		[EM_LOONGARCH]	= arch__new_loongarch,
+		[EM_MIPS]	= arch__new_mips,
+		[EM_PPC64]	= arch__new_powerpc,
+		[EM_PPC]	= arch__new_powerpc,
+		[EM_RISCV]	= arch__new_riscv64,
+		[EM_S390]	= arch__new_s390,
+		[EM_SPARC]	= arch__new_sparc,
+		[EM_SPARCV9]	= arch__new_sparc,
+		[EM_X86_64]	= arch__new_x86,
+	};
+	static const struct arch **archs;
+	static size_t num_archs;
+	struct e_machine_and_e_flags key = {
+		.e_machine = e_machine,
+		// TODO: e_flags should really come from the same source as e_machine.
+		.e_flags = EF_HOST,
+	};
+	const struct arch *result = NULL, **tmp;
 
-	qsort(architectures, nmemb, sizeof(struct arch), arch__cmp);
-}
-
-const struct arch *arch__find(const char *name)
-{
-	const int nmemb = ARRAY_SIZE(architectures);
-	static bool sorted;
-
-	if (!sorted) {
-		arch__sort();
-		sorted = true;
+	if (num_archs > 0) {
+		tmp = bsearch(&key, archs, num_archs, sizeof(*archs), arch__key_cmp);
+		if (tmp)
+			result = *tmp;
 	}
 
-	return bsearch(name, architectures, nmemb, sizeof(struct arch), arch__key_cmp);
+	if (result)
+		return result;
+
+	if (e_machine >= ARRAY_SIZE(arch_new_fn) || arch_new_fn[e_machine] == NULL) {
+		errno = ENOTSUP;
+		return NULL;
+	}
+
+	tmp = reallocarray(archs, num_archs + 1, sizeof(*archs));
+	if (!tmp)
+		return NULL;
+
+	result = arch_new_fn[e_machine](&key, cpuid);
+	if (!result) {
+		pr_err("%s: failed to initialize %s (%u) arch priv area\n",
+			__func__, result->name, e_machine);
+		free(tmp);
+		return NULL;
+	}
+	archs = tmp;
+	archs[num_archs++] = result;
+	qsort(archs, num_archs, sizeof(*archs), arch__cmp);
+	return result;
 }
 
 bool arch__is_x86(const struct arch *arch)
 {
-	return arch->e_machine == EM_386 || arch->e_machine == EM_X86_64;
+	return arch->id.e_machine == EM_386 || arch->id.e_machine == EM_X86_64;
 }
 
 bool arch__is_powerpc(const struct arch *arch)
 {
-	return arch->e_machine == EM_PPC || arch->e_machine == EM_PPC64;
+	return arch->id.e_machine == EM_PPC || arch->id.e_machine == EM_PPC64;
 }
 
 static void ins_ops__delete(struct ins_operands *ops)
diff --git a/tools/perf/util/disasm.h b/tools/perf/util/disasm.h
index b6a2a30fdf27..2793d48aa04e 100644
--- a/tools/perf/util/disasm.h
+++ b/tools/perf/util/disasm.h
@@ -17,21 +17,23 @@ struct data_loc_info;
 struct type_state;
 struct disasm_line;
 
+struct e_machine_and_e_flags {
+	uint16_t e_machine;
+	uint32_t e_flags;
+};
+
 struct arch {
-	const char	*name;
+	/** @id: ELF machine and flags associated with arch. */
+	struct e_machine_and_e_flags id;
+	/** @name: name such as "x86" or "powerpc". */
+	const char		*name;
 	const struct ins	*instructions;
-	size_t		nr_instructions;
-	size_t		nr_instructions_allocated;
-	const struct ins_ops  *(*associate_instruction_ops)(struct arch *arch, const char *name);
-	bool		sorted_instructions;
-	bool		initialized;
-	const char	*insn_suffix;
-	void		*priv;
-	unsigned int	model;
-	unsigned int	family;
-	int		(*init)(struct arch *arch, char *cpuid);
-	bool		(*ins_is_fused)(const struct arch *arch, const char *ins1,
-					const char *ins2);
+	size_t			nr_instructions;
+	size_t			nr_instructions_allocated;
+	bool			sorted_instructions;
+	const char		*insn_suffix;
+	unsigned int		model;
+	unsigned int		family;
 	struct		{
 		char comment_char;
 		char skip_functions_char;
@@ -39,15 +41,14 @@ struct arch {
 		char memory_ref_char;
 		char imm_char;
 	} objdump;
+	bool		(*ins_is_fused)(const struct arch *arch, const char *ins1,
+					const char *ins2);
+	const struct ins_ops  *(*associate_instruction_ops)(struct arch *arch, const char *name);
 #ifdef HAVE_LIBDW_SUPPORT
 	void		(*update_insn_state)(struct type_state *state,
 				struct data_loc_info *dloc, Dwarf_Die *cu_die,
 				struct disasm_line *dl);
 #endif
-	/** @e_machine: ELF machine associated with arch. */
-	unsigned int e_machine;
-	/** @e_flags: Optional ELF flags associated with arch. */
-	unsigned int e_flags;
 };
 
 struct ins {
@@ -107,7 +108,7 @@ struct annotate_args {
 	char			  *fileloc;
 };
 
-const struct arch *arch__find(const char *name);
+const struct arch *arch__find(uint16_t e_machine, const char *cpuid);
 bool arch__is_x86(const struct arch *arch);
 bool arch__is_powerpc(const struct arch *arch);
 
@@ -121,17 +122,17 @@ extern const struct ins_ops ret_ops;
 
 int arch__associate_ins_ops(struct arch *arch, const char *name, const struct ins_ops *ops);
 
-int arc__annotate_init(struct arch *arch, char *cpuid);
-int arm__annotate_init(struct arch *arch, char *cpuid);
-int arm64__annotate_init(struct arch *arch, char *cpuid);
-int csky__annotate_init(struct arch *arch, char *cpuid);
-int loongarch__annotate_init(struct arch *arch, char *cpuid);
-int mips__annotate_init(struct arch *arch, char *cpuid);
-int powerpc__annotate_init(struct arch *arch, char *cpuid);
-int riscv64__annotate_init(struct arch *arch, char *cpuid);
-int s390__annotate_init(struct arch *arch, char *cpuid);
-int sparc__annotate_init(struct arch *arch, char *cpuid);
-int x86__annotate_init(struct arch *arch, char *cpuid);
+const struct arch *arch__new_arc(const struct e_machine_and_e_flags *id, const char *cpuid);
+const struct arch *arch__new_arm(const struct e_machine_and_e_flags *id, const char *cpuid);
+const struct arch *arch__new_arm64(const struct e_machine_and_e_flags *id, const char *cpuid);
+const struct arch *arch__new_csky(const struct e_machine_and_e_flags *id, const char *cpuid);
+const struct arch *arch__new_loongarch(const struct e_machine_and_e_flags *id, const char *cpuid);
+const struct arch *arch__new_mips(const struct e_machine_and_e_flags *id, const char *cpuid);
+const struct arch *arch__new_powerpc(const struct e_machine_and_e_flags *id, const char *cpuid);
+const struct arch *arch__new_riscv64(const struct e_machine_and_e_flags *id, const char *cpuid);
+const struct arch *arch__new_s390(const struct e_machine_and_e_flags *id, const char *cpuid);
+const struct arch *arch__new_sparc(const struct e_machine_and_e_flags *id, const char *cpuid);
+const struct arch *arch__new_x86(const struct e_machine_and_e_flags *id, const char *cpuid);
 
 const struct ins_ops *ins__find(const struct arch *arch, const char *name, struct disasm_line *dl);